There are two solstices every year: one in June and one in December. The June solstice marks the longest day north of the equator and the shortest day in the south.
The June solstice is the moment the Sun is directly above the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere. This is the northernmost latitude it reaches during the year. After the solstice, it begins moving south again.
Since the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun in June, it receives more sunlight during the course of a day. The North Pole's tilt toward the Sun is greatest at the solstice, so this event marks the longest day of the year north of the equator.
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This effect is greatest in locations that are farther away from the equator. In tropical areas, the longest day is just a little longer than 12 hours; in the temperate zone, it is significantly longer; and places within the Arctic Circle experience Midnight Sun or polar day, when the Sun does not set at night.
Conversely, the day of the June solstice is the shortest day of the year in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, too, the effect is greater the farther a location is away from the equator.
During a year, the subsolar point—the spot on the Earth's surface directly beneath the Sun—slowly moves along a north-south axis. Having reached its southernmost point at the December solstice, it stops and starts moving northward until it crosses the equator on the day of the March equinox. At the June solstice, which marks the northernmost point of its journey, it stops again to start its journey back toward the south.
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Initially, the naming arose from observations of how the Sun’s apparent path across the sky changes slightly from one day to the next, which is caused by the same process as the subsolar point's movement described above.
In the months leading up to the June solstice, the position of sunrise and sunset creeps northward. On the day of the solstice, it reaches its northernmost point. After that, the daily path of the Sun across the sky begins to creep southward again.
The subsolar point moves north and south during the year because the Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of about 23.4° in relation to the ecliptic, an imaginary plane created by Earth’s path around the Sun. In June, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, and the subsolar point is north of the equator. As the Earth travels toward the opposite side of its orbit, which it reaches in December, the Southern Hemisphere gradually receives more sunlight, and the subsolar point travels south.
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The June solstice marks the start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and the start of winter in the Southern Hemisphere, according to one definition.
The longest day of the year is commonly associated with the earliest sunrise and latest sunset of the year. However, in most locations, the earliest sunrise happens a few days before the solstice, while the latest sunset occurs some days after it.Find out why
Even though most people consider June 21 as the date of the June solstice, it can happen anytime between June 20 and June 22, depending on the time zone. June 22 solstices are rare—the last June 22 solstice took place in 1975, and there won't be another one until 2203.
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The date of the equinoxes and solstices varies because a year in our calendar does not exactly match the length of the tropical year—the time it takes the Earth to complete an orbit around the Sun.
Today's Gregorian calendar has 365 days in a common year and 366 days in a leap year. However, our planet takes about 365.242199 days to orbit the Sun. This means that the timing of the equinoxes and solstices slowly drifts apart from the Gregorian calendar, and the solstice happens about 6 hours later each year. Eventually, the accumulated lag becomes so large that it falls on the following date.
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To realign the calendar with the tropical year, a leap day is introduced (nearly) every four years. When this happens, the equinox and solstice dates shift back to the earlier date again.
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Other factors influencing the timing of the equinoxes and solstices include variations in the length of a tropical year and in the orbital and daily rotational motion of the Earth, such as the “wobble” in the Earth's axis (precession).
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The summer solstice is the longest day each year for those in the Northern Hemisphere because the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun, and the South Pole is tilted away from it. This year, that date happens to be June 20.
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The summer solstice does not take place at a specific time or date on a calendar. It depends on when the Sun reaches the northernmost point from the equator.
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, “solstice” comes from the Latin word sol meaning “Sun.” Ancient societies added on the Latin word sistere and came up with the word solstitium. Middle English speakers shortened the term to solstice in the 13th century.
In a summer solstice, the sun hugs the horizon at the Arctic Circle for a continuous 24 hours. Same goes for the winter solstice, where the Sun hugs the horizon at the Antarctic Circle for a continuous 24 hours.
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In an equinox, which takes place in the fall and spring seasons, the Sun appears directly over the equator. An equinox takes place twice a year, and each time the days are about equal in length.
In Ancient Egypt, the summer solstice occurred simultaneously with the rising of the Nile River. Because it was crucial for society to predict the annual flooding season, it became the start of the Egyptian New Year.
In modern times, crowds of about 10, 000 people gather at Stonehenge in England at dawn every summer with cheers and silent meditation.
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Last year’s festivities had to be canceled due to the coronavirus, but festival organizers have yet to confirm whether they will take place this year.
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In Las Cruces, the sun will rise at 6 a.m. June 20 and set at 8:16 p.m. Along with June 21, it will provide 14 hours, 16 minutes and 17 seconds of sunlight, two seconds more than June 19 and three seconds more than June 22, according to www.timeanddate.com. That means June 20 has four hours and 14 minutes more sunshine than the winter solstice last Dec. 21.
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The solstice occurs at the moment when the “Earth arrives at the point in its orbit where the North Pole is at its maximum tilt (about 23.5 degrees) toward the sun, ” according to www.almanac.com.
“Due to Earth’s tilted axis, the sun doesn’t rise in the same place in the sky each morning; its position moves northward or southward in the sky as we travel around it through the year, ” almanac.com said. “The June solstice is significant because the sun reaches its northernmost point in the sky at this time, which makes it look like the sun’s path has stopped moving for a brief period of time.”
It’s on different days “because of the difference between the Gregorian calendar system, which normally has 365 days, and the tropical year (how long it takes Earth to orbit the sun once), which has about 365.242199 days, ” according to almanac.com.
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The June full moon – the Full Strawberry Moon – occurs at 12:40 p.m. MDT Thursday, June 24. It’s the first full moon of summer.
“Venus is low in the western sky among the stars of Gemini” on the night of the solstice, Las Cruces astronomer Bert Stevens said. “Thirteen degrees northeast of it is the God of War, Mars, which has been slowly dropping toward the sun after having reached its closest approach to the Earth last October. It will soon be gone from our skies as it passes by the sun. High up in the southern sky is the bright star Arcturus, forming the base of the kite-shaped constellation Boötes. The light we see today from this nearby star left it in late 1984, shortly after the reelection of Ronald Reagan, ” said Stevens, who is co-director of the Desert Moon Observatory.
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